introduction to BTRFS - BTRFS文件系统简单介绍

introduction to btrfs


Btrfs文件系统(B-tree FS, Butter-FS)是2007年oracle公司给linux开发的下一代文件系统,
采用了B-tree结构, 文件以盘区(extent)的方式进行分配,
支持子卷, 可写快照(writable snapshot), 快照的快照(snapshot of snapshot),
支持压缩, 动态分配, 支持多设备影射和RAID, 对象级的镜像和条带化,
支持快速离线文件系统检查, 在线碎片整理, 数据和元数据校验等特性
问题也很多, 比如格式没有最终确定, 不支持directio, aio, 不能处理磁盘满, 不能删除快照等
现在仍处于开发阶段，预计未来将会加到Linux内核中


安装一个试试:

1. 下载btrfs

mkdir -p /data/root/btrfs
cd /data/root/btrfs

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkdir -p /data/root/btrfs
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# cd /data/root/btrfs
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]#

下载稳定版, v0.16版
wget http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/kernel/archive/tip.tar.gz \
http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/progs/archive/tip.tar.gz

[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]# wget http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/kernel/archive/tip.tar.gz \
> http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/progs/archive/tip.tar.gz
--14:41:42-- http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/kernel/archive/tip.tar.gz
Resolving www.kernel.org... 199.6.1.164, 204.152.191.37, 130.239.17.4, ...
Connecting to www.kernel.org|199.6.1.164|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 Script output follows
Length: unspecified [application/x-tar]
Saving to: `kernel-417d87e57364.tar.gz'

[ <=> ] 174,542 79.4K/s in 2.1s

14:41:46 (79.4 KB/s) - `kernel-417d87e57364.tar.gz' saved [174542]

--14:41:46-- http://www.kernel.org/hg/index.cgi/btrfs/progs/archive/tip.tar.gz
Connecting to www.kernel.org|199.6.1.164|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 Script output follows
Length: unspecified [application/x-tar]
Saving to: `progs-da35ab2b0b54.tar.gz'

[ <=> ] 127,430 69.6K/s in 1.8s

14:41:48 (69.6 KB/s) - `progs-da35ab2b0b54.tar.gz' saved [127430]

FINISHED --14:41:48--
Downloaded: 2 files, 295K in 3.9s (75.0 KB/s)
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]#

ls -l

[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]# ls -l
total 308
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 174542 Dec 22 14:41 kernel-417d87e57364.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 127430 Dec 22 14:41 progs-da35ab2b0b54.tar.gz

解压
tar zxf kernel-417d87e57364.tar.gz
tar zxf progs-da35ab2b0b54.tar.gz

[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]# tar zxf kernel-417d87e57364.tar.gz
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]# tar zxf progs-da35ab2b0b54.tar.gz
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]#

不稳定版本:
http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-unstable.git;a=summary
http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-unstable-standalone.git;a=summary
http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-progs-unstable.git;a=summary
用git下载
git clone http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-unstable-standalone.git
git clone http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/btrfs-progs-unstable.git


2. 安装相关的rpm包

rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/e2fsprogs-devel-1.39-15.el5.x86_64.rpm

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/e2fsprogs-devel-1.39-15.el5.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/e2fsprogs-devel-1.39-15.el5.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.0N0GT2: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:e2fsprogs-devel ########################################### [100%]
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libattr-devel-2.4.32-1.1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libacl-devel-2.2.39-3.el5.x86_64.rpm

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libattr-devel-2.4.32-1.1.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libattr-devel-2.4.32-1.1.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.qz4sPQ: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:libattr-devel ########################################### [100%]
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libacl-devel-2.2.39-3.el5.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving http://192.168.11.16/CentOS-5.2-x86_64-bin-DVD/CentOS/libacl-devel-2.2.39-3.el5.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.1mMa05: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:libacl-devel ########################################### [100%]
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

3. 编译和安装

编译和安装内核模块
cd kernel-417d87e57364
make && make modules_install
ls -l /lib/modules/`uname -r`/extra/btrfs.ko

[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs]# cd kernel-417d87e57364
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]#
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]# make && make modules_install
bash version.sh
which: no hg in (/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd` modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-92.el5-x86_64'
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/super.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/ctree.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/extent-tree.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/print-tree.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/root-tree.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/dir-item.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/hash.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/file-item.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/inode-item.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/inode-map.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/disk-io.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/transaction.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/bit-radix.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/inode.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/file.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/tree-defrag.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/extent_map.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/sysfs.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/struct-funcs.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/xattr.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/ordered-data.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/extent_io.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/volumes.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/async-thread.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/ioctl.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/locking.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/orphan.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/ref-cache.o
CC [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/acl.o
LD [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/btrfs.o
Building modules, stage 2.
MODPOST
CC /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/btrfs.mod.o
LD [M] /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/btrfs.ko
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-92.el5-x86_64'
make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd` modules_install
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-92.el5-x86_64'
INSTALL /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364/btrfs.ko
DEPMOD 2.6.18-92.el5
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-92.el5-x86_64'
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]#
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]# ls -l /lib/modules/`uname -r`/extra/btrfs.ko
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4571860 Dec 22 14:47 /lib/modules/2.6.18-92.el5/extra/btrfs.ko
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]#

make modules_install好像有点问题，所以再手工depmod一下
depmod

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# depmod
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

编译和安装程序
cd ../progs-da35ab2b0b54
make && make convert && make install
ls -l /usr/local/bin/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/kernel-417d87e57364]# cd ../progs-da35ab2b0b54
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/progs-da35ab2b0b54]#
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/progs-da35ab2b0b54]# make && make convert && make install
bash version.sh
which: no hg in (/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
ls ctree.c
ctree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.ctree.o.d,-MT,ctree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c ctree.c
ls disk-io.c
disk-io.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.disk-io.o.d,-MT,disk-io.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c disk-io.c
ls radix-tree.c
radix-tree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.radix-tree.o.d,-MT,radix-tree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c radix-tree.c
ls extent-tree.c
extent-tree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.extent-tree.o.d,-MT,extent-tree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c extent-tree.c
ls print-tree.c
print-tree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.print-tree.o.d,-MT,print-tree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c print-tree.c
ls root-tree.c
root-tree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.root-tree.o.d,-MT,root-tree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c root-tree.c
ls dir-item.c
dir-item.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.dir-item.o.d,-MT,dir-item.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c dir-item.c
ls hash.c
hash.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.hash.o.d,-MT,hash.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c hash.c
ls file-item.c
file-item.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.file-item.o.d,-MT,file-item.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c file-item.c
ls inode-item.c
inode-item.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.inode-item.o.d,-MT,inode-item.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c inode-item.c
ls inode-map.c
inode-map.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.inode-map.o.d,-MT,inode-map.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c inode-map.c
ls crc32c.c
crc32c.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.crc32c.o.d,-MT,crc32c.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c crc32c.c
ls rbtree.c
rbtree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.rbtree.o.d,-MT,rbtree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c rbtree.c
ls extent-cache.c
extent-cache.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.extent-cache.o.d,-MT,extent-cache.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c extent-cache.c
ls extent_io.c
extent_io.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.extent_io.o.d,-MT,extent_io.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c extent_io.c
ls volumes.c
volumes.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.volumes.o.d,-MT,volumes.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c volumes.c
ls utils.c
utils.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.utils.o.d,-MT,utils.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c utils.c
ls btrfsctl.c
btrfsctl.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.btrfsctl.o.d,-MT,btrfsctl.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c btrfsctl.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o btrfsctl btrfsctl.o ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o -luuid
ls btrfsck.c
btrfsck.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.btrfsck.o.d,-MT,btrfsck.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c btrfsck.c
ls bit-radix.c
bit-radix.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.bit-radix.o.d,-MT,bit-radix.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c bit-radix.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o btrfsck btrfsck.o ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o bit-radix.o -luuid
ls mkfs.c
mkfs.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.mkfs.o.d,-MT,mkfs.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c mkfs.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o mkfs.btrfs ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o mkfs.o -luuid
ls debug-tree.c
debug-tree.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.debug-tree.o.d,-MT,debug-tree.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c debug-tree.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o debug-tree ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o debug-tree.o -luuid
ls btrfs-show.c
btrfs-show.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.btrfs-show.o.d,-MT,btrfs-show.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c btrfs-show.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o btrfs-show btrfs-show.o ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o -luuid
ls btrfs-vol.c
btrfs-vol.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.btrfs-vol.o.d,-MT,btrfs-vol.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c btrfs-vol.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o btrfs-vol btrfs-vol.o ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o -luuid
ls convert.c
convert.c
gcc -Wp,-MMD,./.convert.o.d,-MT,convert.o -Wall -fno-strict-aliasing -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -Werror -Os -c convert.c
gcc -g -Werror -Os -o btrfs-convert ctree.o disk-io.o radix-tree.o extent-tree.o print-tree.o root-tree.o dir-item.o hash.o file-item.o inode-item.o inode-map.o crc32c.o rbtree.o extent-cache.o extent_io.o volumes.o utils.o convert.o -lext2fs -luuid
install -m755 -d /usr/local/bin
install btrfsctl btrfsck mkfs.btrfs debug-tree btrfs-show btrfs-vol /usr/local/bin
if [ -e btrfs-convert ]; then install btrfs-convert /usr/local/bin; fi
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/progs-da35ab2b0b54]#
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/progs-da35ab2b0b54]# ls -l /usr/local/bin/
total 3464
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512210 Dec 22 15:05 btrfsck
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 569484 Dec 22 15:05 btrfs-convert
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 479349 Dec 22 15:05 btrfsctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 482791 Dec 22 15:05 btrfs-show
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 479228 Dec 22 15:05 btrfs-vol
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 486578 Dec 22 15:05 debug-tree
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 493286 Dec 22 15:05 mkfs.btrfs
[root@Perf-pxy-2 /data/root/btrfs/progs-da35ab2b0b54]#

4. 加载内核模块
modprobe btrfs

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# modprobe btrfs
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

或
insmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/extra/btrfs.ko

lsmod |grep btrfs

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# lsmod |grep btrfs
btrfs 324936 0
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

配置系统启动自动加载
cat >/etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules <<'EOF'
#!/bin/sh
modprobe btrfs >/dev/null 2>&1
EOF
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules
ls -l /etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# cat >/etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules <<'EOF'
> #!/bin/sh
> modprobe btrfs >/dev/null 2>&1
> EOF
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 41 Dec 22 15:29 /etc/sysconfig/modules/btrfs.modules
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

5. 创建磁盘分区

建4个1G大小的分区
fdisk /dev/sda <<EOF
p
n

+1g
n

+1g
n

+1g
n

+1g
p
w
EOF
partprobe

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda <<EOF
> p
> n
>
> +1g
> n
>
> +1g
> n
>
> +1g
> n
>
> +1g
> p
> w
> EOF

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 8908.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help):
Disk /dev/sda: 73.2 GB, 73274490880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8908 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1925 15358140 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1926 2945 8193150 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 2946 8908 47897797+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2946 3455 4096543+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): First cylinder (3456-8908, default 3456): Using default value 3456
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (3456-8908, default 8908):
Command (m for help): First cylinder (3579-8908, default 3579): Using default value 3579
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (3579-8908, default 8908):
Command (m for help): First cylinder (3702-8908, default 3702): Using default value 3702
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (3702-8908, default 8908):
Command (m for help): First cylinder (3825-8908, default 3825): Using default value 3825
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (3825-8908, default 8908):
Command (m for help):
Disk /dev/sda: 73.2 GB, 73274490880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8908 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1925 15358140 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1926 2945 8193150 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 2946 8908 47897797+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2946 3455 4096543+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6 3456 3578 987966 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 3579 3701 987966 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 3702 3824 987966 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 3825 3947 987966 83 Linux

Command (m for help): The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot.
Syncing disks.
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# partprobe
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

6. 创建文件系统

mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda6
mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda7
mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda8
mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda9
btrfs-show

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda6
fs created label (null) on /dev/sda6
nodesize 4096 leafsize 4096 sectorsize 4096 size 964.81MB
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda7
fs created label (null) on /dev/sda7
nodesize 4096 leafsize 4096 sectorsize 4096 size 964.81MB
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda8
fs created label (null) on /dev/sda8
nodesize 4096 leafsize 4096 sectorsize 4096 size 964.81MB
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda9
fs created label (null) on /dev/sda9
nodesize 4096 leafsize 4096 sectorsize 4096 size 964.81MB
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# btrfs-show
failed to read /dev/fd0u1120
failed to read /dev/fd0u830
failed to read /dev/fd0u720
failed to read /dev/fd0u1920
failed to read /dev/fd0u1743
failed to read /dev/fd0u1680
failed to read /dev/fd0
failed to read /dev/hda
Label: none uuid: 7f473f0f-e354-4e4b-b8d8-afd164c9aa36
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda8

Label: none uuid: 7042801b-28df-4620-83bb-5237f4fdeae4
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda7

Label: none uuid: 30cb5dcf-7fd0-4704-be8f-ea73dac61cd0
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda9

Label: none uuid: 80709a87-b5e2-475a-81af-6d94accd21c0
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda6

Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

挂载根卷
mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-root
mount -t btrfs -o subvol=. /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-root
ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-root/
mount -t btrfs
df -h /mnt/btrfs-root

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-root
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs -o subvol=. /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-root
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-root/
/mnt/btrfs-root/:
total 9
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 23 10:31 ..
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 default

/mnt/btrfs-root/default:
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 ..
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-root type btrfs (rw,subvol=.)
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-root
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 44K 965M 1% /mnt/btrfs-root
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

根卷下有一个默认的default子卷


7. 创建子卷

在根卷上建一个新的子卷
btrfsctl -s sv_test /mnt/btrfs-root

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# btrfsctl -s sv_test /mnt/btrfs-root
operation complete
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

挂载子卷
mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
mount -t btrfs -o subvol=sv_test /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
mount -t btrfs
df -h /mnt/btrfs-*

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs -o subvol=sv_test /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/:
total 8
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 23 10:33 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 23 10:33 ..
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-root type btrfs (rw,subvol=.)
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-sv_test type btrfs (rw,subvol=sv_test)
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 44K 965M 1% /mnt/btrfs-root
/dev/sda6 965M 44K 965M 1% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-root/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -laR /mnt/btrfs-root/
/mnt/btrfs-root/:
total 9
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 23 10:33 ..
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 default
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 23 10:33 sv_test

/mnt/btrfs-root/default:
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 ..

/mnt/btrfs-root/sv_test:
total 1
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 23 10:33 .
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 ..
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

根卷下自动创建了该子卷的目录

创建一个文件, 500兆
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file1 bs=1024 count=$((1024*500))
ls -l /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
df -h /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file1 bs=1024 count=$((1024*500))
512000+0 records in
512000+0 records out
524288000 bytes (524 MB) copied, 9.58796 seconds, 54.7 MB/s
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
total 410114
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 524288000 Dec 23 10:35 file1
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 399M 567M 42% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# du -sh /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
401M /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

400M了, 过一分钟再查看

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 424M 542M 44% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

越来越大

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

9. 创建快照

给子卷btrfs-sv_test创建一个快照
btrfsctl -s ss_of_sv_test /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
ls -l /mnt/btrfs-root/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# btrfsctl -s ss_of_sv_test /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
operation complete
Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /mnt/btrfs-root/
total 1
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 default
drwx------ 1 root root 10 Dec 23 10:35 ss_of_sv_test
drwx------ 1 root root 10 Dec 23 10:35 sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

根卷下也新建了一个目录

挂载快照
mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
mount -t btrfs -o subvol=ss_of_sv_test /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
mount -t btrfs
df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
ls -l /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mkdir -p /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs -o subvol=ss_of_sv_test /dev/sda6 /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# mount -t btrfs
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-root type btrfs (rw,subvol=.)
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-sv_test type btrfs (rw,subvol=sv_test)
/dev/sda6 on /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test type btrfs (rw,subvol=ss_of_sv_test)
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-root
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
total 512006
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 524288000 Dec 23 10:35 file1
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

文件file1在快照中有

btrfs-show

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# btrfs-show
failed to read /dev/fd0u1120
failed to read /dev/fd0u830
failed to read /dev/fd0u720
failed to read /dev/fd0u1920
failed to read /dev/fd0u1743
failed to read /dev/fd0u1680
failed to read /dev/fd0
failed to read /dev/hda
Label: none uuid: 7f473f0f-e354-4e4b-b8d8-afd164c9aa36
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda8

Label: none uuid: 7042801b-28df-4620-83bb-5237f4fdeae4
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda7

Label: none uuid: 30cb5dcf-7fd0-4704-be8f-ea73dac61cd0
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 40.00KB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 132.38MB path /dev/sda9

Label: none uuid: 80709a87-b5e2-475a-81af-6d94accd21c0
Total devices 1 FS bytes used 500.64MB
devid 1 size 964.81MB used 903.88MB path /dev/sda6

Btrfs Btrfs v0.16
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

创建3个文件
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file1 bs=1024 count=$((3*1024))
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file2 bs=1024 count=$((2*1024))
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/file3 bs=1024 count=$((1*1024))
df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
ls -l /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
ls -l /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file1 bs=1024 count=$((3*1024))
3072+0 records in
3072+0 records out
3145728 bytes (3.1 MB) copied, 0.647297 seconds, 4.9 MB/s
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-sv_test/file2 bs=1024 count=$((2*1024))
2048+0 records in
2048+0 records out
2097152 bytes (2.1 MB) copied, 0.434674 seconds, 4.8 MB/s
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/file3 bs=1024 count=$((1*1024))
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.219023 seconds, 4.8 MB/s
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-root
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
/dev/sda6 965M 501M 465M 52% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /mnt/btrfs-sv_test/
total 5138
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3145728 Dec 24 03:15 file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2097152 Dec 24 03:16 file2
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -l /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
total 513036
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 524288000 Dec 23 10:35 file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576 Dec 24 03:16 file3
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

快照是可写的


10. 删除快照

快照目录删不掉, 只能删除目录下的所有文件, 释放空间
df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
rm -rf /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
ls -la /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
umount /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
rm -rf /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
ls -la /mnt/btrfs-root/
rmdir /mnt/btrfs-root/ss_of_sv_test
ls -la /mnt/btrfs-root/
df -h /mnt/btrfs-*

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 507M 459M 53% /mnt/btrfs-root
/dev/sda6 965M 507M 459M 53% /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test
/dev/sda6 965M 507M 459M 53% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
rm: cannot remove directory `/mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/': Device or resource busy
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -la /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
total 8
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 24 03:18 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Dec 23 10:41 ..
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# umount /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/btrfs-ss_of_sv_test/
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -la /mnt/btrfs-root/
total 9
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 24 03:19 ..
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 default
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 24 03:18 ss_of_sv_test
drwx------ 1 root root 20 Dec 24 03:16 sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# rmdir /mnt/btrfs-root/ss_of_sv_test
rmdir: /mnt/btrfs-root/ss_of_sv_test: Operation not permitted
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# ls -la /mnt/btrfs-root/
total 9
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 24 03:19 ..
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 default
drwx------ 1 root root 0 Dec 24 03:18 ss_of_sv_test
drwx------ 1 root root 20 Dec 24 03:16 sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# df -h /mnt/btrfs-*
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6 965M 5.1M 960M 1% /mnt/btrfs-root
/dev/sda6 965M 5.1M 960M 1% /mnt/btrfs-sv_test
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

删除子卷也是一样的, 删除那个都行


11. 多设备
添加删除设备有问题, 不好用


12. 空间满ENOSPC
磁盘空间满了可能造成系统崩溃


13. 其它文件系统
nilfs [http://www.nilfs.org]:
持续快照(continuous snapshotting), 任何修改都记录检查点, 删除快照或检查点会导致产生新的检查点, 占用空间巨大

tux3 [http://tux3.org]:
太新了, 目前还是fuse的

hammer[http://www.dragonflybsd.org/hammer/]:
DragonFly BSD上用的

zfs on fuse [http://www.wizy.org/wiki/ZFS_on_FUSE]:
FUSE据说很慢


外部链接:

btrfs
Btrfs(wikipedia)
Btrfs trees for linux-next
Btrfs mainline plans
Kernel Log: Ext4 completes development phase as interim step to btrfs
Ext4 Advances As Interim Step To Btrfs
List of file systems
Comparison_of file systems
Emerging Filesystems
On File Systems
More Linux File Systems






Xie Wen (谢文)
Network & Operations,
Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB) MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box,
8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No. 1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R. China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com



=====
updated on Jan. 17, 2009: btrfs v0.18版发布了





-fin-

recovery window - RMAN的恢复窗口

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: XIE WEN-MFK346 <wenxie at motorola.com>
Date: Thu, Dec 18, 2008 at 18:06
Subject: recovery window
To: wen xie <xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>



recovery window

4.
60. You defined the Recovery Manager (RMAN) retention policy to recovery window
of 7 days by executing the following command:
RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
When a backup is performed, what would be the status of this backup after seven days?
A. The backup would be marked as invalid.
(B). The backup would be marked as obsolete.
C. The backup would be removed from the media.
D. The backup would be removed from the RMAN repository.

12.
179. The backup retention policy is configured as RECOVERY WINDOW 2.
You executed the following command in Recovery Manager (RMAN) against your database:
RMAN> REPORT OBSOLETE;
What would you see in the output?
A. a list of all those files that have been deleted in the last two days
B. a list of all those files that have been recovered within the last two days
C. a list of all the expired backups and copies
(D). a list of backups and copies that are outside the range covered by the current retention policy

还是1z0-043的考题, 在下认为出的不好, 没有对的
第1题后来没再做备份, 所以第一个备份肯定留着, 不会被标记为过期
应该是, 恢复窗口外(<=(今天-恢复窗口))保留最新一个, 窗口内(>(今天-恢复窗口))都保留
第2题D说的不严谨, 但是唯一接近正确的

测试如下:


1. 设置恢复窗口, 创建数据库备份

sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
conn / as sysdba
show parameter control_file_record_keep_time
exit
EOF

[oracle@Perf-pxy-2 ~]$ sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
> conn / as sysdba
> show parameter control_file_record_keep_time
> exit
> EOF

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 30
[oracle@Perf-pxy-2 ~]$

恢复窗口设置为7天
rman target /
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
show all;

RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

RMAN> show all;

RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/10.2/dbs/snapcf_s10.f'; # default

RMAN>

备份数据库
backup device type disk format '/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_%d_%I_%T_%s_%p_%U' database;

RMAN> backup device type disk format '/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_%d_%I_%T_%s_%p_%U' database;

Starting backup at 2008-12-18 08:21:00
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=1632 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00001 name=/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/system01.dbf
input datafile fno=00002 name=/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile fno=00003 name=/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile fno=00004 name=/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2008-12-18 08:21:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2008-12-18 08:21:26
piece handle=/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1 tag=TAG20081218T082101 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
including current SPFILE in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2008-12-18 08:21:28
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2008-12-18 08:21:29
piece handle=/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1 tag=TAG20081218T082101 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 2008-12-18 08:21:29

RMAN>

备份是18号的
list backup summary;
report obsolete;

RMAN> list backup summary;


List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- ------------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---
1 B F A DISK 2008-12-18 08:21:21 1 1 NO TAG20081218T082101
2 B F A DISK 2008-12-18 08:21:28 1 1 NO TAG20081218T082101

RMAN> report obsolete;

RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to recovery window of 7 days
no obsolete backups found

RMAN>

2. 修改系统时间到7天后(25号), 查看备份状态

停数据库,系统时间修改为7天后,重启数据库
service ntpd stop
date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='7 days' )

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# service ntpd stop
Shutting down ntpd: [ OK ]
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='7 days' )
Thu Dec 18 08:27:34 GMT 2008
Thu Dec 25 08:27:00 GMT 2008
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

查看备份状态
report obsolete;

RMAN> report obsolete;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to recovery window of 7 days
Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc

RMAN>

没有过期


3. 改成10天后(28号), 再查看备份状态

date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='3 days' )

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='3 days' )
Thu Dec 25 08:38:36 GMT 2008
Sun Dec 28 08:38:00 GMT 2008
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

RMAN> report obsolete;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to recovery window of 7 days
Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc

RMAN>

同样没有过期, 证明第1题是错的


4. 修改系统时间, 创建19,25,28号的备份

过程略

date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='10 days ago' )
date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='1 day' )
backup device type disk format '/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_%d_%I_%T_%s_%p_%U' database;
date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='6 day' )
backup device type disk format '/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_%d_%I_%T_%s_%p_%U' database;
date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='3 day' )
backup device type disk format '/home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_%d_%I_%T_%s_%p_%U' database;


5. 查看备份状态

现在是28号, 恢复窗口是7天
date

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# date
Sun Dec 28 08:55:48 GMT 2008
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

显示过期状态的备份
list backup summary;
show retention policy;
report obsolete;

RMAN> list backup summary;


List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- ------------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---
1 B F A DISK 2008-12-18 08:21:21 1 1 NO TAG20081218T082101
2 B F A DISK 2008-12-18 08:21:28 1 1 NO TAG20081218T082101
3 B F A DISK 2008-12-19 08:53:36 1 1 NO TAG20081219T085317
4 B F A DISK 2008-12-19 08:53:44 1 1 NO TAG20081219T085317
5 B F A DISK 2008-12-25 08:54:43 1 1 NO TAG20081225T085425
6 B F A DISK 2008-12-25 08:54:52 1 1 NO TAG20081225T085425
7 B F A DISK 2008-12-28 08:55:44 1 1 NO TAG20081228T085526
8 B F A DISK 2008-12-28 08:55:52 1 1 NO TAG20081228T085526

RMAN> show retention policy;

RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

RMAN> report obsolete;

RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to recovery window of 7 days
Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1

RMAN>

18号的过期了, 因为28号的7天前是21号, 窗口内的25,28号的都保留, 窗口外保留最新一个,是19号的

显示恢复窗口是9天的过期的备份
report obsolete recovery window of 9 days;

RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 9 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1

RMAN>

9天前是19号,所以19号以前是过期的

恢复窗口为10天
report obsolete recovery window of 10 days;

RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 10 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc

RMAN>

10天前是18号,所以18号的留着,18号后的也留着, 没有过期的

恢复窗口为3,2,1,0天
report obsolete recovery window of 3 days;

RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 3 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1
Backup Set 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36
Backup Piece 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_3_1_03k2knru_1_1
Backup Set 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44
Backup Piece 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_4_1_04k2knsn_1_1

RMAN>
RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 2 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1
Backup Set 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36
Backup Piece 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_3_1_03k2knru_1_1
Backup Set 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44
Backup Piece 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_4_1_04k2knsn_1_1

RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 1 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1
Backup Set 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36
Backup Piece 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_3_1_03k2knru_1_1
Backup Set 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44
Backup Piece 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_4_1_04k2knsn_1_1

RMAN> report obsolete recovery window of 0 days;

Report of obsolete backups and copies
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Archive Log 1 2008-12-18 07:49:10 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_5_673773960.arc
Archive Log 2 2008-12-18 08:18:31 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/s10/archive/1_6_673773960.arc
Backup Set 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20
Backup Piece 1 2008-12-18 08:21:20 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_1_1_01k2i1jd_1_1
Backup Set 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28
Backup Piece 2 2008-12-18 08:21:28 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081218_2_1_02k2i1k6_1_1
Backup Set 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36
Backup Piece 3 2008-12-19 08:53:36 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_3_1_03k2knru_1_1
Backup Set 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44
Backup Piece 4 2008-12-19 08:53:44 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081219_4_1_04k2knsn_1_1
Backup Set 5 2008-12-25 08:54:43
Backup Piece 5 2008-12-25 08:54:43 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081225_5_1_05k34i61_1_1
Backup Set 6 2008-12-25 08:54:52
Backup Piece 6 2008-12-25 08:54:52 /home/oracle/backup/s10/rman/db_S10_1127563272_20081225_6_1_06k34i6r_1_1

RMAN>

6. 恢复系统时间, 恢复保留策略

configure retention policy clear;

RMAN> configure retention policy clear;

old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
RMAN configuration parameters are successfully reset to default value

RMAN>

date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='10 days ago' )

[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]# date && date $( date '+%m%d%H%M' --date='10 days ago' )
Sun Dec 28 09:49:31 GMT 2008
Thu Dec 18 09:49:00 GMT 2008
[root@Perf-pxy-2 ~]#

外部链接:

How does REPORT NEED BACKUP RECOVER WINDOW work ?
Delete Obsolete Does Not Delete Obsolete Backups
Rman backup retention policy
Frequently asked questions on Rman backup retention policy
recovery window (这上举的例子好像不对, 实际好像不计算到小时, 只考虑到天数)
Recovery Window
Recovery Window-Based Backup Retention Policy





Xie Wen (谢文)
Network & Operations,
Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB) MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box,
8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No. 1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R. China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com


-fin-

loading and unloading data using external table - 使用外部表装载和卸载数据

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: wen xie
Date: Tue, Dec 16, 2008 at 19:14
Subject: Fwd: loading and unloading data using external table
To: xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: XIE WEN-MFK346
Date: Tue, Dec 16, 2008 at 18:50
Subject: loading and unloading data using external table
To: wen xie




loading and unloading data using external table


10g外部表提供了将数据导出的功能

1. 建目录, 授权

conn / as sysdba
create or replace directory dp_dir as '/home/oracle/temp';
grant read,write on directory dp_dir to a;
grant read,write on directory dp_dir to b;

SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> create or replace directory dp_dir as '/home/oracle/temp';

Directory created.

SQL> grant read,write on directory dp_dir to a;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant read,write on directory dp_dir to b;

Grant succeeded.

SQL>

2. 建测试表

conn a/a
drop table t;
create table t as select * from all_objects;
select count(*) from t;

SQL> conn a/a
Connected.
SQL> drop table t;
drop table t
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist


SQL> create table t as select * from all_objects;

Table created.

SQL> select count(*) from t;

COUNT(*)
----------
9447

SQL>

3. 导出到外部表

建立外部表, 用oracle_datapump方式导出

drop table ext_t;
create table ext_t
organization external (
type oracle_datapump
default directory dp_dir
access parameters (nologfile)
location ('ext_t.dmp')
)
reject limit unlimited
as
select * from t
/
select count(*) from ext_t;

SQL> drop table ext_t;
drop table ext_t
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist


SQL> create table ext_t
organization external (
type oracle_datapump
default directory dp_dir
access parameters (nologfile)
location ('ext_t.dmp')
)
reject limit unlimited
as
select * from t
/
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Table created.

SQL> select count(*) from ext_t;

COUNT(*)
----------
9447

SQL>

生成了ext_t.dmp文件
!ls -lrt ~/temp/*.dmp

SQL> !ls -lrt ~/temp/*.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 872448 Dec 16 09:57 /home/oracle/temp/ext_t.dmp

SQL>

4. 取得表结构

下一步建表用

conn a/a
set long 4000 pages 9999 line 140
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','EXT_T') from dual;

SQL> conn a/a
Connected.
SQL> set long 4000 pages 9999 line 140
SQL> select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE',

'EXT_T') from dual;

DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('TABLE','EXT_T')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CREATE TABLE "A"."EXT_T"
( "OWNER" VARCHAR2(30),
"OBJECT_NAME" VARCHAR2(30),
"SUBOBJECT_NAME" VARCHAR2(30),
"OBJECT_ID" NUMBER,
"DATA_OBJECT_ID" NUMBER,
"OBJECT_TYPE" VARCHAR2(19),
"CREATED" DATE,
"LAST_DDL_TIME" DATE,
"TIMESTAMP" VARCHAR2(19),
"STATUS" VARCHAR2(7),
"TEMPORARY" VARCHAR2(1),
"GENERATED" VARCHAR2(1),
"SECONDARY" VARCHAR2(1)
)
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL
( TYPE ORACLE_DATAPUMP
DEFAULT DIRECTORY "DP_DIR"
ACCESS PARAMETERS
( nologfile )
LOCATION
( 'ext_t.dmp'
)
)
REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED



SQL>

或
conn b/b
desc all_objects

SQL> conn b/b
Connected.
SQL> desc all_objects
Name Null? Type
------------------------------

----------- -------- ----------------------------
OWNER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
SUBOBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_ID NOT NULL NUMBER
DATA_OBJECT_ID NUMBER
OBJECT_TYPE VARCHAR2(19)
CREATED NOT NULL DATE
LAST_DDL_TIME NOT NULL DATE
TIMESTAMP VARCHAR2(19)
STATUS VARCHAR2(7)
TEMPORARY VARCHAR2(1)
GENERATED VARCHAR2(1)
SECONDARY VARCHAR2(1)

SQL>

5. 建外部表, 导入数据

字段名和顺序要跟导出表一致

drop table ext_t1;
create table ext_t1 (
OWNER VARCHAR2(30),
OBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30),
SUBOBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30),
OBJECT_ID VARCHAR2(30),
DATA_OBJECT_ID VARCHAR2(30),
OBJECT_TYPE VARCHAR2(30),
CREATED VARCHAR2(30),
LAST_DDL_TIME VARCHAR2(30),
TIMESTAMP VARCHAR2(30),
STATUS VARCHAR2(30),
TEMPORARY VARCHAR2(30),
GENERATED VARCHAR2(30),
SECONDARY VARCHAR2(30)
)
organization external (
type oracle_datapump
default directory dp_dir
access parameters (nologfile)
location ('ext_t.dmp')
)
reject limit unlimited
/
select count(*) from ext_t1;

SQL> drop table ext_t1;
drop table ext_t1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist


SQL> create table ext_t1 (
2 OWNER VARCHAR2(30),
3 OBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30),
4 SUBOBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(30),
5 OBJECT_ID VARCHAR2(30),
6 DATA_OBJECT_ID VARCHAR2(30),
7 OBJECT_TYPE VARCHAR2(30),
8 CREATED VARCHAR2(30),
9 LAST_DDL_TIME VARCHAR2(30),
10 TIMESTAMP VARCHAR2(30),
11 STATUS VARCHAR2(30),
12 TEMPORARY VARCHAR2(30),
13 GENERATED VARCHAR2(30),
14 SECONDARY VARCHAR2(30)
15 )
16 organization external (
17 type oracle_datapump
18 default directory dp_dir
19 access parameters (nologfile)
20 location ('ext_t.dmp')
21 )
22 reject limit unlimited
23 /

Table created.

SQL> select count(*) from ext_t1;

COUNT(*)
----------
9447

SQL>

6. 不能用impdp导入

报错格式不一致

conn b/b
!impdp b/b directory=dp_dir dumpfile=ext_t.dmp tables=ext_t nologfile=y remap_schema=a:b

SQL> conn b/b
Connected.
SQL> !impdp b/b directory=dp_dir dumpfile=ext_t.dmp tables=ext_t nologfile=y remap_schema=a:b

Import: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production on Tuesday, 16 December, 2008 10:42:22

Copyright (c) 2003, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
ORA-39001: invalid argument value
ORA-39000: bad dump file specification
ORA-31619: invalid dump file "/home/oracle/temp/ext_t.dmp"



SQL>

set serveroutput on size 1000000
exec system.show_dumpfile_info(p_dir=> 'dp_dir', p_file=> 'ext_t.dmp')

SQL> set serveroutput on size 1000000
SQL> exec system.show_dumpfile_info(p_

dir=> 'dp_dir', p_file=> 'ext_t.dmp')
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose..: Obtain details about export dumpfile. Version: 19-MAR-2008
Required.: RDBMS version: 10.2.0.1.0 or higher
. Export dumpfile version: 7.3.4.0.0 or higher
. Export Data Pump dumpfile version: 10.1.0.1.0 or higher
Usage....: execute show_dumfile_info('DIRECTORY', 'DUMPFILE');
Example..: exec show_dumfile_info('MY_DIR', 'expdp_s.dmp')
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Filename.: ext_t.dmp
Directory: dp_dir
Disk Path: /home/oracle/temp
Filetype.: 1 (Export Data Pump dumpfile)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...File Version....: 1.1 (Oracle10g Release 2: 10.2.0.x)
...Master Present..: 1 (Yes)
...GUID............: 5E27FE1E5914DA98E040A8C0100B6117
...File Number.....: 1000001
...Characterset ID.: 873 (AL32UTF8)
...Creation Date...: Tue Dec 16 09:57:52 2008
...Flags...........: 10
...Job Name........:
...Platform........: x86_64/Linux 2.4.xx
...Language........: AL32UTF8
...Block size......: 4096
...Metadata Compres: 1 (Yes)
...Job Version.....: 10.02.00.03.00
...Max Items Code..: 15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>

外部链接:

Unloading and Loading Data with the ORACLE_DATAPUMP Access Driver

Using External Tables to Load and Unload Data

Unloading data using External table and Oracle_Datapump access Driver

Populating External Table

How to Gather the Header Information and the Content of an Export Dumpfile ?

GET_DUMPFILE_INFO Procedure

Xie Wen (谢文)
Network & Operations,
Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB) MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box,
8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No. 1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R. China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com

control file autobackup - 控制文件自动备份

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: XIE WEN-MFK346 <wenxie at motorola.com>
Date: Fri, Dec 12, 2008 at 19:03
Subject: control file autobackup
To: wen xie <xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>



1z0-043的一道考题

7.
89. In Recovery Manager (RMAN), you have set control file autobackup to ON by using the following command:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
Which two events would cause the control file to be backed up automatically? (Choose two)
A. A tablespace is taken offline.
B. The database instance is restarted.
C. A new data file is added to an existing tablespace.
D. A successful backup is recorded in the RMAN repository.
E. The RMAN connection is disconnected from the target database.
给的答案是CD

其实A也对，应该选ACD，验证过程如下：


1.配置控制文件自动备份

[oracle@MGT ~]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Dec 12 04:27:20 2008
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1955690436)
RMAN> show all;
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/home/oracle/app/oracle/product/10.2/dbs/snapcf_test.f'; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_';

RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_';
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of configure command at 12/12/2008 04:30:23
RMAN-06492: controlfile autobackup format "/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_" must specify a "%F" format specifier

RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_%d_%F';

RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_%F';
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_%F';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

RMAN>

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_auto_%d_%F';

RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_auto_%d_%F';
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_test_auto_%F';
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_auto_%d_%F';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

RMAN>

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;

RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

RMAN>

2.当backup命令成功后会自动备份
backup format '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/spfile_%d_%T' spfile;

RMAN> backup format '/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/spfile_%d_%T' spfile;
Starting backup at 12-DEC-08
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel
ORA_DISK_1: sid=1643 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset including current SPFILE in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-DEC-08
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-DEC-08 piece handle=/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/spfile_TEST_20081212 tag=TAG20081212T104938 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
Finished backup at 12-DEC-08

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 12-DEC-08 piece handle=/home/oracle/backup/test/rman/cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-00 comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 12-DEC-08

RMAN>

[oracle@MGT ~/backup/test/rman]$ ls -lrt
total 8080
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Dec 12 10:49 spfile_TEST_20081212
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:49 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-00
[oracle@MGT ~/backup/test/rman]$

3.离线表空间也会触发自动备份

SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> select name from v$tablespace;
NAME
------------------------------
SYSTEM
UNDOTBS1
SYSAUX
TEMP
USERS
MAS_DATA
MAS_INDEX
RPT_KAMET_DATA
RPT_KAMET_INDEX
TS_TEST

10 rows selected.

SQL> alter tablespace users offline;
Tablespace altered.

SQL>

[oracle@MGT ~/backup/test/rman]$ ls -lrt
total 16060
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Dec 12 10:49 spfile_TEST_20081212
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:49 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-00
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:51 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-01
[oracle@MGT ~/backup/test/rman]$

4.增加数据文件也会

SQL> select name from v$datafile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/mas_data.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/mas_index.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/RPT_KAMET_DATA.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/RPT_KAMET_INDEX.dbf
/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/ts_test01.dbf

9 rows selected.

SQL> alter tablespace ts_test add datafile '/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/test/ts_test02.dbf' size 2m;
Tablespace altered.

SQL>
SQL> !ls -lrt ~/backup/test/rman/
total 24040
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Dec 12 10:49 spfile_TEST_20081212
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:49 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-00
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:51 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-01
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8159232 Dec 12 10:56 cf_auto_TEST_c-1955690436-20081212-02

SQL>

外部链接:

When RMAN Performs Control File Autobackups


Xie Wen (谢文)
Network & Operations,
Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB) MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box, 8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No. 1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R. China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com


-fin-

create encrypted virtual filesystem - 创建加密的虚拟文件系统

----------
Forwarded message ----------
From: wen xie
<xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>
Date:
2008/12/3
Subject: Fwd: create encrypted virtual filesystem
To:
xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com

----------
Forwarded message ----------
From: XIE WEN-MFK346
<wenxie at motorola.com>
Date:
2008/12/3
Subject: create encrypted virtual filesystem
To: wen
xie <xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>

创建加密的虚拟文件系统

losetup
命令可以将文件虚拟成一个循环设备，用户可以挂载这个设备，创建文件系统
cryptsetup
命令可以透明的加密一个块设备，保护用户数据

1.建立文件系统挂载点目录和虚拟文件系统镜像文件目录
mkdir
-p /mnt/loop0
mkdir -p /data/root

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# mkdir -p
/data/root
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

2.创建镜像文件,
关联到一个循环设备上
dd
if=/dev/zero of=/data/root/loop0file.img bs=1k count=10000
ls -l
/data/root/loop0file.img

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/root/loop0file.img bs=1k
count=10000
10000+0 records in
10000+0 records out
10240000
bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.069987 seconds, 146 MB/s
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /data/root/loop0file.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10240000
Dec 3 10:03 /data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

创建了一个10M大小的文件

建立关联

losetup
/dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
losetup /dev/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# losetup /dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# losetup /dev/loop0
/dev/loop0: [0805]:9437186
(/data/root/loop0file.img)
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

用losetup关联，并查看到关联信息

默认loop设备有8个，可以手工增加

3.加载dm-crypt内核模块,

modprobe
dm-crypt
lsmod |grep dm_
dmsetup targets
dmsetup ls

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# modprobe dm-crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# lsmod |grep
dm_
dm_crypt
46665 0
dm_mod
99737 1 dm_crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# dmsetup
targets
crypt
v1.3.0
striped
v1.0.2
linear
v1.0.2
error
v1.0.1
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# dmsetup ls
No devices
found
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

查看到dm-crypt已加载

4.
创建加密设备
cryptsetup
create loop0crypt /dev/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cryptsetup create loop0crypt /dev/loop0
Enter
passphrase:
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

这里要输入加密的密码,
比如abc

cryptsetup
status loop0crypt
dmsetup ls
ls -l /dev/mapper/

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cryptsetup status loop0crypt
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt is
active:
cipher: aes-cbc-plain
keysize: 256
bits
device: /dev/loop0
offset: 0
sectors
size: 20000 sectors

mode: read/write
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# dmsetup
ls
loop0crypt (253,
0)
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# ls -l /dev/mapper/
total 0
crw-------
1 root root 10, 63 Dec 3 10:03 control
brw-rw---- 1
root disk 253, 0 Dec 3 10:04 loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

在/dev/mapper/下创建了一个加密设备,叫loop0crypt

aes加密模块自动被加载
lsmod
|grep aes

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# lsmod |grep aes
aes_generic
59393 0
aes_x86_64
58601 1
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

5.创建文件系统,
并挂载
mkfs
-t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0crypt 10000

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0crypt 10000
mke2fs 1.39
(29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block
size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
2512 inodes, 10000
blocks
500 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First
data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=10485760
2 block
groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1256
inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193

Writing
inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing
superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This
filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180
days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to
override.
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

mount -t ext3
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0
mount|grep loop
df -h
/mnt/loop0
ls -l /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# mount|grep loop
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt on /mnt/loop0 type ext3
(rw)
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# df -h /mnt/loop0
Filesystem
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted
on
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt

9.5M 1.1M 7.9M 13% /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# ls -l /mnt/loop0
total 12
drwx------
2 root root 12288 Dec 3 10:04 lost+found
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

创建一个文件试试
echo
test >/mnt/loop0/a
ls -l /mnt/loop0/

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# echo test >/mnt/loop0/a
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /mnt/loop0/
total
13
-rw-r--r-- 1 root
root 5 Dec 3 10:06 a
drwx------
2 root root 12288 Dec 3 10:04 lost+found
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

6.卸载文件系统及关联

umount
/mnt/loop0
cryptsetup remove loop0crypt
losetup -d /dev/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# umount /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup remove
loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# losetup -d
/dev/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

7.重新建立关联和挂载

步骤跟前面类似，但不用mkfs创建文件系统
losetup
/dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
cryptsetup create loop0crypt
/dev/loop0
mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# losetup /dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cryptsetup create loop0crypt /dev/loop0
Enter
passphrase:
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# mount -t ext3
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

密码输入创建时的那个,abc

ls -l
/mnt/loop0
cat /mnt/loop0/a

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /mnt/loop0
total 13
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root
5 Dec 3 10:06 a
drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Dec 3
10:04 lost+found
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cat
/mnt/loop0/a
test
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

8.扩大文件系统大小

先卸载和去除关联
umount
/mnt/loop0
cryptsetup remove loop0crypt
losetup -d /dev/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# umount /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup remove
loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# losetup -d
/dev/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

扩大镜像文件

dd if=/dev/zero
bs=1k count=10000 >>/data/root/loop0file.img
ls -l
/data/root/loop0file.img

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# dd if=/dev/zero bs=1k count=10000
>>/data/root/loop0file.img
10000+0 records in
10000+0
records out
10240000 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.070741 seconds, 145
MB/s
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# ls -l /data/root/loop0file.img
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 20480000 Dec 3 10:25
/data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

扩大加密设备大小
losetup
/dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
cryptsetup create loop0crypt
/dev/loop0
cryptsetup resize loop0crypt

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# losetup /dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cryptsetup create loop0crypt /dev/loop0
Enter
passphrase:
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup resize
loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

扩大文件系统

e2fsck -f
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt
resize2fs /dev/mapper/loop0crypt

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/loop0crypt
e2fsck 1.39
(29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass
2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory
connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking
group summary information
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt: 12/2512 files
(8.3% non-contiguous), 1446/10000 blocks
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#
resize2fs /dev/mapper/loop0crypt
resize2fs 1.39
(29-May-2006)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/loop0crypt to
20000 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/loop0crypt is now
20000 blocks long.

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

挂载文件系统

mount -t ext3
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0
df -h /mnt/loop0
ls -l
/mnt/loop0/
cat /mnt/loop0/a

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# df -h /mnt/loop0
Filesystem
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted
on
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt

20M 1.1M 17M 7%
/mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /mnt/loop0/
total
13
-rw-r--r-- 1 root
root 5 Dec 3 10:06 a
drwx------
2 root root 12288 Dec 3 10:04 lost+found
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cat /mnt/loop0/a
test
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

9.缩小文件系统大小

随便考一个文件
cp -p /u01/software/oracle/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz
/mnt/loop0
ls -l /mnt/loop0/
df -h /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cp -p
/u01/software/oracle/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /mnt/loop0/

total 8987

-rw-r--r-- 1 root
root 5 Dec 3 10:06
a

-rw-r--r-- 1 s3op1 netop 9151860 Jul 9 09:19
apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz

drwx------ 2 root root
12288 Dec 3 10:04 lost+found

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# df -h
/mnt/loop0
Filesystem
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted
on
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt

20M 9.9M 8.3M 55% /mnt/loop0
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

缩小文件系统大小
umount /mnt/loop0

e2fsck -f
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt

resize2fs /dev/mapper/loop0crypt 10m
resize2fs
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt 15m

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# umount /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#
e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/loop0crypt
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1:
Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory
structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking
reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary
information

/dev/mapper/loop0crypt: 13/3768 files (7.7% non-contiguous),
10579/20000 blocks
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/loop0crypt
10m

resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Resizing the filesystem on
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt to 10240 (1k) blocks.
resize2fs: No space left on
device while trying to resize /dev/mapper/loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#
resize2fs /dev/mapper/loop0crypt 15m

resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

Resizing
the filesystem on /dev/mapper/loop0crypt to 15360 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem
on /dev/mapper/loop0crypt is now 15360 blocks long.

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

缩小加密设备大小
cryptsetup status loop0crypt
cryptsetup --offset 0
--size $(( 40000 * 15360/20000 )) resize loop0crypt
cryptsetup status
loop0crypt

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup status
loop0crypt
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt is active:
cipher:
aes-cbc-plain
keysize: 256 bits
device:
/dev/loop0
offset: 0 sectors
size:
40000 sectors
mode: read/write

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# cryptsetup --offset 0 --size $(( 40000 * 15360/20000 )) resize
loop0crypt

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup status
loop0crypt
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt is active:
cipher:
aes-cbc-plain
keysize: 256 bits
device:
/dev/loop0
offset: 0 sectors

size:
30720 sectors

mode: read/write
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

缩小镜像文件大小

cryptsetup remove loop0crypt
losetup -d
/dev/loop0

cp -p /data/root/loop0file.img /data/root/loop0file.img.bak
ls
-l /data/root/
dd if=/dev/null of=/data/root/loop0file.img bs=1 count=0
seek=$(( 15*1024*1024 ))
ls -l /data/root/

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup remove
loop0crypt
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# losetup -d /dev/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#
cp -p /data/root/loop0file.img /data/root/loop0file.img.bak

[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]# ls -l /data/root/

total 40048
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20480000
Dec 3 10:25 loop0file.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20480000 Dec 3
10:25 loop0file.img.bak
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# dd if=/dev/null
of=/data/root/loop0file.img bs=1 count=0 seek=$(( 15*1024*1024 ))
0+0 records
in
0+0 records out
0 bytes (0 B) copied, 1.8e-05 seconds, 0.0
kB/s

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# ls -l /data/root/

total 35404
-rw-r--r-- 1
root root 15728640 Dec 4 05:55 loop0file.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root
20480000 Dec 3 10:25 loop0file.img.bak
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]#

挂载

losetup /dev/loop0 /data/root/loop0file.img
losetup
/dev/loop0

cryptsetup create loop0crypt /dev/loop0
mount -t ext3
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0

df -h /mnt/loop0
ls -l
/mnt/loop0/
diff /mnt/loop0/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz
/u01/software/oracle/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# losetup /dev/loop0
/data/root/loop0file.img
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# losetup
/dev/loop0
/dev/loop0: [0805]:9437186
(/data/root/loop0file.img)

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# cryptsetup create loop0crypt
/dev/loop0
Enter passphrase:
[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# mount -t ext3
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# df -h
/mnt/loop0
Filesystem
Size Used Avail Use% Mounted
on
/dev/mapper/loop0crypt

15M 9.9M 4.1M 71% /mnt/loop0

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# ls -l
/mnt/loop0/

total 8987

-rw-r--r-- 1 root
root 5 Dec 3 10:06
a

-rw-r--r-- 1 s3op1 netop 9151860 Jul 9 09:19
apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz

drwx------ 2 root root
12288 Dec 3 10:04 lost+found

[root@DEV-pxy-1 ~]# diff
/mnt/loop0/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz
/u01/software/oracle/apache-ant-1.7.1-bin.tar.gz
[root@DEV-pxy-1
~]#

外部链接:

Encryption-HOWTO-FAQ
http://encryptionhowto.sourceforge.net/Encryption-HOWTO-6.html

What is a loopback
device and how can I create more of
them?
http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/docs/DOC-1722

Use an Encrypted
Filesystem to Protect Your
Data
http://books.google.com/books?id=HZ37FT3unW8C&pg=PA265

玩转Ubuntu
Linux之加密文件系统篇
http://www.51cto.com/art/200609/31687.htm

Xie Wen (谢文)

Network &
Operations,
Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB)
MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box,
8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No.
1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R.
China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com

how to suppress “Connected.” message - 如何禁止SQLPLUS报的"Connected."信息

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: wen xie <xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>
Date: 2008/12/2
Subject: Fwd: how to suppress "Connected." message
To: xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: XIE WEN-MFK346 <wenxie at motorola.com>
Date: 2008/12/2
Subject: how to suppress "Connected." message
To: wen xie <xiewenxiewen at googlemail.com>


sqlplus用connect连接数据库后会显示"Connected."提示信息
sqlplus
/nolog <<EOF
conn / as sysdba
exit
EOF

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus /nolog <<EOF
> conn / as sysdba
> exit
> EOF
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.6.0 - Production on Tue Dec 2 03:27:13 2008
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL>
Connected.
SQL>
Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.6.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning option
JServer Release 9.2.0.6.0 - Production

即使在安静模式下也会显示出来
sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
conn / as sysdba
exit
EOF

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
> conn / as sysdba
> exit
> EOF
Connected.

1.
直接在sqlplus命令后连接数据库
sqlplus -s "/ as sysdba" <<'EOF'
select 1 from
dual;
exit
EOF

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus -s "/ as sysdba" <<'EOF'
> select 1 from dual;
> exit
> EOF
1
----------
1

不过这样写不安全


2.
用sed脚本去掉"Connected."
sqlplus -s /nolog <<'EOF' |sed '/^Connected./d'
conn / as sysdba
select 1 from dual;
exit
EOF

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus -s /nolog <<'EOF' |sed '/^Connected./d'
> conn / as sysdba
> select 1 from dual;
> exit
> EOF
1
----------
1

3.
10.2版本以后的sqlplus在安静模式下不显示"Connected.", 修复了这个缺陷
sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
conn / as sysdba
select 1 from dual;
exit
EOF
sqlplus -v

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus -s /nolog <<EOF
> conn / as sysdba
> select 1 from dual;
> exit
> EOF
1
----------
1

[oracle@DEV-DB-1 ~]$ sqlplus -v
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production

外部链接:
How
to Stop 'Connected' Message when Running SQLPlus in Silent Mode?
sqlplus:
I want to avoid the 'Connected.' string






Xie Wen (谢文)
Network & Operations, Multimedia Applications & Services (MDB)
MOTOROLA Inc.
NO.104 mail box, 8th floor, Motorola Tower,
No. 1 Wang Jing East Road, Chao Yang District,
Beijing 100102 P. R. China
e-mail wenxie at motorola.com




-fin-